第二节 鼻咽癌的挽救性外科治疗
一、鼻咽癌挽救性外科治疗方案
中国医学科学院肿瘤医院头颈外科从1965年开始涉入鼻咽癌的外科解救取得初步经验,多年的实践证明对根治性放射治疗后残存者和复发者,挽救性手术治疗效果明显好于再放疗。相继有文献报道鼻咽癌放疗后失败或复发的外科解救手术是有效可行的。
1.解救方案
目前认为鼻咽癌挽救性手术(包括原发灶或颈部放疗失败的挽救性手术治疗)是一种有效的治疗方法。经过多年实践经验积累,已经形成了较完善的解救方案,即:
(1)首次放疗失败后行解救手术是最好的时机,二程或多程放射治疗后复发者病变多较广泛,局部及颈部软组织创伤重,常伴有骨坏死,手术难以进行。
(2)鼻咽部宜根据病变不同部位和范围选用不同术式,以尽可能小的手术最大限度地根除肿瘤。
(3)颈部淋巴结在放射治疗结束后3个月内如不消退,应手术切除;单个肿大淋巴结可行局部淋巴结切除术,多个肿大淋巴结则需行颈淋巴结根治性切除术。
(4)解救手术后是否需再次放射治疗,应视具体情况,由放射治疗科医师决定。
2.适应证
(1)鼻咽癌放疗后原发灶未控或复发者和(或)伴有颈部转移淋巴结未控或复发者(原发灶需经病理证实)。
(2)局部复发者,无颅底骨质破坏、脑神经麻痹。
(3)颈部淋巴结无固定,或虽固定但动脉未受侵。
(4)无全身远处转移。
(5)无全身麻醉手术禁忌证。
3.禁忌证
(1)有颅底骨质破坏或脑神经麻痹者。
(2)颈部残余癌灶或复发癌灶与颈部深组织或皮肤广泛粘连。
(3)有远处转移者。
(4)年老体弱全身情况欠佳或肝肾功能不全者。
(5)有其他手术禁忌证。
二、鼻咽癌挽救性外科治疗方法
1.鼻咽原发灶的处理
基本原则:根据病变部位和范围选择不同术式,显露良好,充分切除肿瘤,减少手术创伤,减少术后外形改变和功能损害。随诊外科手术技术的进步和发展,临床常用多种手术入路,其中上颌骨掀翻入路最为经典,也是前中颅底区肿瘤切除较为理想的手术入路之一。
(1)经腭入路(transpalate approach):
主要适用于局限于鼻咽顶的病变。
手术方法:
为显露充分,常需经气管切开全身麻醉。沿上腭牙龈缘内侧0.5cm做倒“U”形切口,两侧向后达硬腭后缘腭大孔外侧,切开黏骨膜,翻开硬腭黏骨膜瓣达硬腭后缘。咬除部分腭骨水平板,切开鼻底黏膜即进入鼻咽腔。为显露充分,可去除鼻中隔后份,以扩大术野。沿肿瘤周围切开黏膜直达颅底骨面。沿骨面将肿瘤及周围组织一并切除,局部创面电灼,以便止血并杀灭残存癌细胞。用碘仿纱条做后鼻孔填塞,硬腭黏骨膜复位缝合。位于鼻咽侧壁及咽隐窝的浅表病灶,可将患侧切口线延长至软腭,结扎切断一侧腭大动脉,凿除翼内板后将鼻咽侧壁切除。该术式简单,出血较少,无面部切口瘢痕;但外科显露不够充分,仅适用于局灶性或浅表病灶。
(2)经鼻侧切开入路(lateral rhinotomy):
主要适用于贴近或累及后鼻孔的鼻咽病灶。
手术方法:
经口腔插管全身麻醉。自鼻根与内眦中点,沿鼻旁、鼻翼外侧至鼻小柱切开(图3-8),深达骨面。骨膜下稍分离,暴露梨状孔。切开鼻腔外侧壁黏骨膜,凿断上颌骨额突、部分上颌骨前壁、眶内下壁,然后沿鼻底凿断上颌窦内壁至腭骨垂直板,将鼻腔外侧壁黏膜、鼻甲、部分上颌骨内份切除后,探查鼻咽肿瘤范围。若病灶过中线可以切除鼻中隔后份,以便扩大显露,于瘤外将肿瘤切除。局部电灼后行后鼻孔填塞,关闭面部伤口。该术式显露后鼻孔、鼻咽顶壁及侧壁较充分,也可切除耳咽管及咽隐窝处病灶。但肿瘤已累及咽旁间隙者不适合;术后因骨壁切除、瘢痕收缩易造成鼻旁下陷、鼻翼上翘。
图3-8 鼻侧切开入路
(3)颈侧入路(translateral cervical approach):
主要适用于咽旁间隙受累的病例,病灶尚未侵及颈鞘者。
手术方法:
气管切开全身麻醉。患侧颌下至耳后切口(图3-9),颈阔肌下翻瓣,解剖颈总动脉、颈内静脉、迷走神经(为控制出血可结扎颈外动脉)。解剖面神经下颌缘支并保护之。在下颌骨下缘处切开咬肌附丽,连同腮腺尾叶翻起;于乙状切迹下切断下颌骨升支。在茎突前方切除咽旁间隙组织(在此平面操作不会伤及颈内动静脉),凿除翼内外板,进入鼻咽腔,于瘤外将肿瘤及周围组织切除。局部电灼后,咽旁间隙缺损用颞肌筋膜瓣或胸锁乳突肌肌瓣填塞,关闭颈部伤口。该术式显露咽旁间隙较满意,创伤较小,不进入口腔因而术后可经口进食,但显露对侧鼻咽侧壁不理想。
图3-9 经颈侧切开入路
(4)颈颌腭入路(lateral transmandibular approach):
主要适用于软腭和(或)口咽受累的病灶。
手术方法:
气管切开全身麻醉。下唇正中沿颌下至耳后切口,颈阔肌下翻瓣,解剖颈鞘以控制出血(图3-10)。切开下唇,翻开下唇颊瓣,切开咬肌下颌骨附丽,将下颌骨升支切除。切开口咽侧壁及软腭向上解剖至鼻咽顶,将口咽侧壁及软腭甚至上颌骨后份一并切除。局部电灼后,缺损胸大肌肌皮瓣修复,肌肉充填鼻咽腔,皮肤修复软腭。该术式显露充分,允许有较广泛的切除安全界。但下颌骨升支切除后咬合错乱较明显,术后需戴斜面导板矫正错。
图3-10 颈颌腭入路
(5)上颌骨掀翻入路(maxillary swing):
该术式是近年来发展起来的新术式。可用于鼻咽顶、后、侧壁及咽旁间隙受累的病例,耳咽管可充分显露,可进行颈内动脉周围解剖,病灶切除较彻底。
手术方法:
经口腔插管或气管切开插管全身麻醉。采用改良Weber-Ferguson切口,水平切口扩展到颧骨,垂直切口扩展到唇内侧,中切牙之间、硬腭中线达软硬腭交界处,转向侧方直至上颌结节(图3-11)。面部切口切达骨膜,仅在切口线处暴露骨质,可用于骨切开即可。整个操作过程中,颊瓣仍附着于上颌骨前壁。应用骨锯切开上颌骨,先离断颧骨,继而紧邻眶下缘断上颌骨前壁至鼻突,前后方向锯断上颌骨内侧壁至上颌骨后壁。正中切开硬腭黏骨膜,中线处锯断硬腭,用弯凿凿断上颌结节与翼板的连接。此时,将整个上颌骨的骨连接全部离断,使上颌骨可以向侧面掀开,鼻咽黏膜包括顶后壁、侧壁、耳咽管及咽隐窝被充分显露,可以完整切除耳咽管软骨部及鼻咽旁组织。在耳咽管后外可及颈内动脉搏动,允许在颈内动脉周围进行解剖。肿瘤切除后,咽旁间隙缺损可用颞肌筋膜瓣或帽状腱膜瓣修复。上颌骨复位后,用小钛板螺钉固定上颌骨与颧骨、上颌骨与对侧上颌骨的连接。鼻腔填塞,关闭面部上唇伤口,腭部伤口直接关闭。
图3-11 上颌骨掀翻入路
改良上颌骨掀翻入路:
上颌骨掀翻术最早报道时,硬腭黏骨膜和骨切开线在同一平面,因而口鼻漏曾经是主要的并发症。随着硬腭切口的改良,硬腭切开线和黏膜切开线不再处于同一平面,制作硬腭黏膜瓣,U形切口切开硬腭黏骨膜瓣,切开线距离牙龈5mm,由患侧后磨牙切至对侧尖牙近中侧附近,骨膜剥离子剥离硬腭黏骨膜,充分暴露硬腭,至对侧时避免腭大血管束(图3-11~图3-14),目前,绝大多数患者可以避免发生口鼻漏。中国医学科学院肿瘤医院头颈外科2007年开始使用改良上颌骨掀翻入路切除鼻咽区肿瘤,口鼻瘘发生率显著降低1/19。
图3-12 改良腭黏膜切口
图3-13 术后1周拆线
图3-14 硬腭黏膜瓣合好
(6)鼻内镜入路:
主要适用于局限性鼻咽病变,不适于鼻咽广泛受侵的患者。
手术方法:
先用肾上腺素浸润鼻腔和鼻咽部黏膜,减少出血,然后切除鼻中隔后部,用手术刀和电凝自接近鼻咽顶的蝶骨底开始向下逐步切除鼻咽肿瘤,用电钻磨除部分下方骨质,以进一步清除肿瘤细胞,用游离鼻中隔黏膜覆盖手术创面。该手术无骨切开及广泛的软组织分离,术后康复快,很少发生张口困难。
随着内镜技术的提高,内镜下鼻咽癌挽救性手术切除已经成为可能,可以取得一定的效果,可以避免较大的手术创伤和面部外观破坏。然而,内镜下鼻咽肿瘤切除较局限,尤其是咽旁受侵患者,不易判断颈内动脉位置,需要术者具有较丰富的内镜手术经验,并且严格掌握手术技术的适应证,目前认为主要适用于rT1期、rT2期,且疗效尚需临床进一步证实。
2.颈部转移灶的处理
基本原则:①颈部单个淋巴结肿大,小于3cm且活动者,可行局部淋巴结切除术。这样创伤小,功能损害轻微。②颈部多个淋巴结肿大时,需行根治性颈淋巴结清除术。
中国医学科学院肿瘤医院经验为,当颈部复发时,单个淋巴结肿大是采用局部扩大切除,获得一定疗效。但Wei报告颈部手术后标本发现有多个分区淋巴结转移的占73%病例,Khoo报告有50%病例有多个分区转移。因此,主张对鼻咽癌放疗后颈部复发病例,进行经典性颈淋巴结清扫术。术后并发症主要为切口延期愈合及伤口感染。足量放射治疗对伤口愈合有影响,但只要充分做好术前准备,术中注意消灭死腔,缝合张力适度,切除放射治疗反应重的皮肤,用带血管蒂组织瓣移植修复及合理应用有效的抗生素,可以减少并发症的发生。
三、治疗结果与预后
随着放疗技术的进步,鼻咽癌的治愈率有了较大的提高,根治性放疗后5年生存率70%~80%。放疗后残存或复发再次放疗的5年生存率仅为18%~23%,鼻咽癌初次治疗失败后挽救性手术可取得一定的疗效。中国医学科学院肿瘤医院应用挽救手术治疗鼻咽癌放疗失败的结果:鼻咽部原发灶手术患者术后5年生存率为34%(12/35),颈部淋巴结肿大患者5年生存率为40%(26/65)(其中颈部单个淋巴结肿大与多个淋巴结肿大的5年生存率分别为56%(13/25)和33%(13/40)。术后随访5年以上的100例患者中,62例死亡。其中42例死于鼻咽癌相关疾病(8例局部复发、4例颈部复发、30例远处转移)远地转移占48%。关于上颌骨掀翻入路鼻咽癌挽救性手术疗效的分析显示,5年局部控制率可达74%,总体生存率62.1%,无病生存率56%,切缘阳性、肿瘤大小和海绵窦侵犯等是预后不良的因素。可见鼻咽癌初次治疗失败后外科挽救性手术有肯定的价值,尤其是局限性病变,使得部分患者长期生存,上颌骨掀翻入路有独特应用价值。
(黄 辉 徐震纲)
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